Analytical dating anywhere between metrics out-of agents bioaccumulation within the fish
Five widely used metrics of bioaccumulation in fish are defined and discussed, namely the octanol–water partition coefficient (KOW), bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), biomagnification factor (BMF), and trophic magnification factor (TMF). Algebraic relationships between these metrics are developed and discussed using conventional expressions for chemical uptake from water and food and first-order losses by respiration, egestion, biotransformation, and growth dilution. Two BCFs ely as an equilibrium partition coefficient KFW or as a nonequilibrium BCFK in which egestion losses are included. Bioaccumulation factors are shown to be the product of the BCFK and a ely, the diet-to-water concentration ratio and the ratio of uptake rate constants for respiration and dietary uptake. Biomagnification factors are shown to be proportional to the lipid-normalized ratio of the predator/prey values of BCFK and the ratio of the equilibrium multipliers. Relationships with TMFs are also discussed. The effects of chemical hydrophobicity, biotransformation, and growth are evaluated by applying the relationships to a range of illustrative chemicals of varying KOW in a linear 4-trophic-level food web with typical values for uptake and loss rate constants. The roles of respiratory and dietary intakes are demonstrated, and even slow rates of biotransformation and growth can significantly affect bioaccumulation. The BCFKs and the values of M can be regarded as the fundamental determinants of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in aquatic food webs. Analyzing data from food webs can be enhanced by plotting logarithmic lipid-normalized concentrations or fugacities as a linear function of trophic level to deduce TMFs. Implications for determining bioaccumulation by laboratory tests for regulatory purposes are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;–1466. © 2013 SETAC
Introduction
Bioaccumulation out of all-natural chemical substances for the seafood and other organisms that will compensate dinner stores is an issue on account of both you can adverse outcomes on the organisms themselves together with possibility experience of predators, as well as individuals, that eat these types of organisms. The focus let me reveal on the bioaccumulation for the fish, however, similar principles apply to bioaccumulation in other aquatic water-respiration organisms, and so they get connect with air-respiration bacteria including birds and you may mammals. As a result, a major international initiative could have been launched to evaluate industrial chemical substances getting its power to bioaccumulate step one, dos 
. Included in this effort, several types of bioaccumulation investigation and you may metrics are acclimatized to dictate whether or not and also to what the total amount chemical compounds is actually bioaccumulative. Comprehensive books is obtainable towards the bioaccumulation from scientific and you can regulatory views, examples as being the critiques because of the Hairdresser 3, cuatro , Mackay and you will Fraser 5 , Arnot and Gobas 6 , Ehrlich mais aussi al. seven , Burkhard ainsi que al. 8 , and you can Gobas mais aussi al. 9 , the second summarizing this new conclusions out-of a SETAC-paid working area held for the 2008. These and other ratings provides talked about the existence of multiple metrics out-of bioaccumulation you to definitely differ inside definition, during the regulatory application, plus in use from the scientific community.
Our objective the following is so you can identify and you may talk about the dating between 5 popular bioaccumulation metrics to have aquatic bacteria having a standpoint so you can making clear its relative deserves and you can applicability to own bioaccumulation tests. I very first temporarily establish and you will discuss the bioaccumulation metrics, then pertain a mass balance model to look at and you will quantify the fresh relationships among them. We attempt to give book skills to the root techniques resulting within the bioaccumulation and gives pointers for boosting and wanting studies to have bioaccumulation tests.
BIOACCUMULATION METRICS
For the current analysis, we define and describe 5 common metrics for assessing bioaccumulation. Differences exist in the definitions and usage of these terms; however, the definitions given here are used to develop mathematical relationships in the next section. The octanol–water partition coefficient (KOW) is widely used as an indicator of hydrophobicity and thus the partitioning of a chemical from water into lipids and other organic phases such as protein 10 . The KOW is primarily controlled by the solubility of the substance in water, because the solubility of neutral, liquid nonpolar organic chemicals in octanol is relatively constant. A log KOW value of 5 is often used as a bioaccumulation assessment criterion; however, depending on the regulatory program, lower values are also used to categorize bioaccumulation potential. Whereas KOW gives a reasonable and conservative estimate of lipid–water partitioning for nonpolar hydrophobic substances 11 , it may not accurately simulate partitioning for more polar and ionogenic organic chemicals and other chemical classes such as organofluorines and silicones. Direct empirical measurement is essential in such cases.